Lukovic Street was the core of the public life of the 16th and 17th century. It is named after the Lukovic family houses, which have exceptionally elegantly decorated stone balustrades; the palaces follows the sea line, merging into the street front, and making a unique and indivisible ambient unit in a functional and aesthetic domain. Opposed to the houses towards the sea, so-called ‘ponta’ were made over the time 2007-2017 Lukovic Street - Prcanj,Montenegro cover photo: Lukovic Street, Prcanj Lukovic Street was the core of the public life of the 16th and 17th century. It is named after the Lukovic family houses, which have exceptionally elegantly decorated stone balustrades; the palaces follows the sea line, merging into the street front, and making a unique and indivisible ambient unit in a functional and aesthetic domain. Opposed to the houses towards the sea, so-called ‘ponta’ were made over the time, for accessing sailboats with a plateau on which cargoes from ships were landed, as well as small ports for binding family boats. The coastal belt was an indivisible private space and made up a whole with the palaces. In the later period, around 1805, when this region was already under the Austro-Hungarian empire, the emperor had the first coastal road built along the sea for military needs, thus completely interrupting the continuity of family gardens from the sea to the houses. This act changed forever the character of space, dividing it into two parts, one made up of family ports for boats with berths along the sea, and another made up of a paved street of the Lukovic family. The seafront, including ponta and boat bindings, were private properties in the 19th century, characterized by traditional stone bindings, stone paving and stone sea-shores, with small gardens rich in Mediterranean vegetation. READ MORE on heritage article ''Street of Lukovic family" Next

Perast was at its peak in the 18th century under the Venetian Republic, when it had as many as four active shipyards, a fleet of around one hundred ships, and 1,643 residents. The 1,500 citizens of Perast were allowed to trade with large ships and to sell goods without tax on the Venetian market, which made them wealthy 2007-2017 Perast (ita. Perasto) cover photo: Perast, the town of sea captains Perast was at its peak in the 18th century under the Venetian Republic, when it had as many as four active shipyards, a fleet of around one hundred ships, and 1,643 residents. The 1,500 citizens of Perast were allowed to trade with large ships and to sell goods without tax on the Venetian market, which made them wealthy. The example of the wealth of people from Perast at the end of the 18th century is the fact that they managed to collect 50,000 Venetian gold coins (about 200 kg of gold) to pay the famous Venetian constructor Giuseppe Beati to build for them the highest campanile (55 m) on the East-Adriatic coast. There are two small islands near Perast: St George Island with the small church from the 12th century and the artificial island called Gospa od Skrpjela (in Venetian: Madonna dello Scarpello) which has a very interesting story. Namely, the locals had been throwing rocks and sinking old shipwrecks for 200 years from the reef whose top was 1 meter above the water's surface, thus creating a plateau of 3,030 square meters, on which they then built a church. Next

Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, is a very attractive tourist destination. It is considered to be one of the most beautiful bays in the world. The most picturesque coastal in Bay of Kotor are Perast and Prcanj. The population of the entire bay is around 60,000. UNESCO's town of Kotor (it. Cattaro) Bay of Kotor, Montenegro KOTOR, MONTENEGRO - PHOTO ALBUM

The town of Prcanj in Kotor municipality in Montenegro is a coastal town which traditionally relied on the maritime trade and such tradition has remained to the present day. Historically, the first mentions of it were in 1222 in the correspondence regarding the construction of St Johan Church. During the medieval age, the town was being developed in the upper level in the hill and it relied primarily on the local agriculture. 2007-2017 Prcanj (ita. Perzagno) cover photo: view towards Street of Lukovic Family in Prcanj Waves hitting on the stone piers- Prcanj, Montenegro - recorded by Bogdan Kusevic. april 2013 00:00 / 00:00 The town of Prcanj in Kotor municipality in Montenegro is a coastal town which traditionally relied on the maritime trade and such tradition has remained to the present day. Historically, the first mentions of it were in 1222 in the correspondence regarding the construction of St Johan Church. During the medieval age, the town was being developed in the upper level in the hill and it relied primarily on the local agriculture. Later, at the beginning of the 15th century, the town rapidly started to develop in the coastal region. Today Prcanj is well-known as a health resort, which was recognized at the congress of Yugoslavian pulmonologists in 1920s., and it attracts many visitors seeking for health improvement, sports training and family holiday in the peaceful scenery along the coast. It has a population of around 1,100. READ MORE on heritage article ''Prcanj, Montenegro" Next

Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, is a very attractive tourist destination. It is considered to be one of the most beautiful bays in the world. The Bay of Kotor is rich in cultural heritage, and the town of Kotor, situated at the end of the bay is the most beautiful one, where the most ancient Cathedral in eastern Adriatic called St. Tryphon Cathedral has existed since 1166. In this area, there are also very well-known Roman mosaics in Risan UNESCO Natural and Culturo historical region of Kotor Bay of Kotor, Montenegro BAY OF KOTOR - PHOTO ALBUM

The historical centre of settlement of Prcanj which includes Our Lady’s Temple, the Franciscan Monastery and the Church of St. Nicholas, is the historical core of the settlement and the place where all important historical events occurred starting from 1730s when the monastery was built. The historical core of Prcanj settlement is characterized by a large concentration of houses and palaces in a small area lined up in the first row along the coastline. The historical area of Prcanj The historical centre of settlement of Prcanj which includes Our Lady’s Temple, the Franciscan Monastery and the Church of St. Nicholas, is the historical core of the settlement and the place where all important historical events occurred starting from 1730s when the monastery was built. The historical core of Prcanj settlement is characterized by a large concentration of houses and palaces in a small area lined up in the first row along the coastline. In some areas, the houses and palaces are placed on both sides of the street, which gives an impression of a very dense and very rich urban centre. The Church of St. Nicholas (1728-1735), situated in front of a pedestrian promenade by the sea, was the historical core of the settlement’s culture during the 18th and 19th century. The monastery of St. Nicholas was at first a home to a primary school, and after that it housed a very famous nautical school, the first pharmacy in Prcanj and a public library founded in 1861. Our Lady’s Temple, also known as the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is the most beautiful and one of the largest churches in the coastal area of the southern Adriatic. Bernardino Maccaruzzi, a Venetian architect, designed the church in the late Venetian Baroque style in 1789. The construction of the church began in 1789, but it was completed after 120 years, namely in 1909. The construction of the Roman Catholic Church was funded by numerous donations of the wealthy captain families from Prcanj and finally it was completed with the aid of significant donations provided by the Austro-Hungarian government. Today, this is the most important area of the settlement of Prcanj and one of the most important areas of the whole UNESCO’s Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor. The landscape which surrounds this historical centre of Prcanj from the house Odmoriste towards the Verona Palace has been degraded in many cases due to the poorly planned commercial construction, which significantly jeopardized the outstanding universal value of the historical core of the settlement and degraded the integrity of the authentic cultural landscape. The proposal for its protection should contain an integral plan for the maintenance of the entire landscape surrounding the historical core of the settlement, from the sea to the hill that forms an integral system which includes art gardens, arable land on terraced estates, orchards, olive groves and planted forests between them. Taking into account all the areas that make up the visual background for the monumental Our Lady’s Temple and the Church of St. Nicholas, and defining the landscape of the invaluable importance, one can determine the area that would be proposed for the protection and management plan as a cultural landscape of exceptional importance. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kusevic, B. (2017). The historical urban area of the settlement Prcanj . ‘‘The Archive of Landscapes”. [date]. BIBLIOGRAPHY . BACKGROUND PHOTO. David Rumsey Historical Map Collection | The Collection; (1693) Disegno Topografico del Canale di Cattaro, Montenegro; Coronelli, Vincenzo (1650-1718).

​St. Anna Valley is cultural landscape of the inner Kotor Bay in Montenegro of immense value, recently heavily endangered by building construction , which destroyed authentic steep terraces of ex arable land. The Church of St. Anna dates back to the 14th century and the ruins of an old parish house are the oldest remains of any residences in Prcanj. St. Anna Valley is cultural landscape of the inner Kotor Bay in Montenegro of immense value, recently heavily endangered by building construction , which destroyed authentic steep terraces of ex arable land. The Church of St. Anna dates back to the 14th century and the ruins of an old parish house are the oldest remains of any residences in Prcanj. The sloped terraces of agricultural estates, made of stone walls and planted with olive trees, and the oak forests sprinkled over a channelled stream of enclosed dry stonewalls, are features of the cultural landscape of this region. The techniques of channelling the stream flows and the way of maintaining the land by the traditional character testify the past eras and give evidence of the native landscape management. READ MORE on heritage article ''Valley of St Anna" Next ST. ANNA VALLEY - GLAVATI, PRCANJ cover photo: Cultural landscape of immense value in danger!

Explore an interactive historical timeline of the town of Kotor, through its two millennia of existence, and all the powerful European empires that leave historical, architectural and cultural footprints Town of Kotor - historical timeline CREDITS: The background photo: Coats of arms of the Beskuca family. Prcanj, Montenegro. Photo by Bogdan Kusevic Credits of the Coats of Arms and flags: Internet open public domain (Wikipedia, etc.) Town of Kotor - historical timeline: (2018-2022) by Bogdan Kusevic.

" The Archive of Landscapes ", a Cultural Heritage project by Bogdan Kusevic, aims to raise public awareness about the degradation of cultural heritage and the cultural landscape in particular, in UNESCO's Region of Kotor in Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, through photography, historical and architectural research Welcome to the cultural heritage project 2017 The Archive of Landscapes cover photo: UNESCO Natural and Culturo - Historical region of Kotor Prcanj, Bay of Kotor, Montenegro photo by Bogdan Kusevic Photography Articles Timeline Research About the cultural heritage project THE ARCHIVE OF LANDSCAPES The Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, which has been World Heritage Site since 1979, has been facing unprecedented degradation during the last decade due to unplanned and excessive development that has been carried out without implementation of any study for protection and management of cultural landscape . And now, when you look at the images of cobbled hills of Bay of Kotor, destroyed picturesque seashore villages, masterpieces of fortification and residential architecture in danger , you might wonder how come the most beautiful things that we, as citizens of Montenegro could be proud of, are about to vanish just because of us. The cultural heritage is, after all, a civilisation code of one area and thus the cultural language of architectural heritage. This is not a photography project because I am not a professional photographer, nor it is a project for architectural restoration because I am not a restorer yet, nor even a tourist guide because I do not work in tourism sector. This is The Archive of Landscapes that will never be the same again and as harmonious as it used to be. Over the past decade, the landscape of Bay of Kotor has degraded very much and has been turned into excavations site, into trenches and landslides between concrete structures. Bay of Kotor is a bay in Montenegro where various cultures overlap due to Roman, Byzantine, Venetian and Austro-Hungarian rule . Today, the devastation of the cultural landscape and the architectural heritage has worsen, which implies that the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor will most likely lose the UNESCO status of the World Cultural Heritage Site acquired in 1979. On this occasion, I would like to ask all scientific organisations in Montenegro, state bodies, dedicated experts and foreign organisations to come to Bay of Kotor and to give the utmost scientific support in maintenance, protection and regeneration of cultural landscape of UNESCO Natural and Culturo-Historical region of Kotor, so that its outstanding universal value can be preserved and left for the future generations to come. Bogdan Kusevic, MSc Arch Piacenza, May 2017. About the website THE ARCHIVE OF LANDSCAPES The cultural heritage project 2017 titled "The Archive of Landscapes" aims at raising awareness about the degradation of cultural heritage and landscape in the UNESCO Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor, providing an insight into the appearance of the landscape during the last decade. The website "The Archive of Landscapes" was developed entirely during my master studies in architecture at Politecnico di Milano from 2017 to 2018. The main purpose of creating this website was to present the permanence of the landscape of my homeland to my mentors, to gain the feedback from the community about the most important areas considered for valorisation , and to inspire the members of the local community to think creatively about how the local cultural heritage can be preserved. During my studies, the responses of the community members were included as the basis for future research about the local heritage, and the results of that work were published online in the form of a research paper in both English and Montenegrin language. Furthermore, the responses obtained were helpful and were used for determining the zones for protection and valorisation of the most valuable part of the cultural landscape in the town of Prcanj . As my wish was to make general public aware of the importance of valorisation of the cultural landscape in the Bay of Kotor , the contents of the thesis were made public while it was being written. In that way, the project of raising awareness about the significance of the cultural landscape of the Bay of Kotor titled "The Archive of Landscapes" was born. Bogdan Kusevic, MSc Arch Piacenza, July 2018. A word from the author I am an architect based in Kotor . In July 2018, I obtained the master’s degree in sustainable architecture and landscape design at Politecnico di Milano. Before that, I acquired a bachelor’s degree and a specialist’s degree in architecture at the University of Montenegro - the Faculty of Architecture, where I studied between 2010 and 2015. Many years before I enrolled in architecture school, I started to observe, document and photograph the buildings in my homeland. My passion for cultural heritage and photography continued during architecture studies, when I found an immense inspiration for landscape photography in my hometown Prcanj . Furthermore, my grandfather was an artist-photographer whose photographs allowed me to examine the tremendous change in the landscape of the Bay of Kotor for almost an entire century. The cover photo above represents the street called Ulica Lukovica - Lukovic Street situated in the town of Prcanj in Montenegro. It is one of the most beautiful Baroque coastal streets in the Southern Adriatic. However, this street, together with other settlements which belong to Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor under the UNESCO protection are now facing the unprecedented degradation because of poorly planned and excessive development . I appreciate the cultural landscape of my homeland very much as well as the native traditional building techniques and, above all, the local architectural heritage , so my photographs almost always represent the landscape with its unique architectural particularity. Harmony of the sea , the mountains and the palaces lined up along the waterfront is probably one of the most picturesque scenery in the entire region, especially in the morning. Belonging to the native population of Bay of Kotor, I feel overwhelmed by this scenery because this is the place where I have been living since I was born. I think that photography could have a big role in raising awareness of the general public about the heritage, its role in the local community and its peculiarity on the global scale. Here, in the area of Bay of Kotor , sometimes referred to as “The most secure port of the world” , the echo of the past centuries has been overwhelmingly present. Today, landscape has changed in a negative way but there is still a hope for its preservation and regeneration . Bogdan Kusevic, MSc Arch Piacenza, July 2018.

About a hundred meters away from the sea and about fifty meters above sea level, in a depression known as Pecarevo or Glavati, in the settlement of Prcanj in Montenegro, there is a building, now in ruins, which apparently used to be the residence of a noble family. There is little known about this palace, due to the lack of historical archives and any carved symbol, coat of arms or inscription on the facade The ruins of the Sbutega Palace – Glavati, Prcanj , Montenegro Historical and architectural analysis About a hundred meters away from the sea and about fifty meters above sea level, in a depression known as Pecarevo or Glavati, in the settlement of Prcanj in Montenegro, there is a building, now in ruins, which apparently used to be the residence of a noble family. There is little known about this palace, due to the lack of historical archives and any carved symbol, coat of arms or inscription on the facade. However, the building techniques, layout and architectural concept as well as materials and processing techniques demonstrate that it originates from the 14th century. The residence is located not far from the Church of St. Anna in the Glavati - Prcanj area, which is believed to date from the same period. In the fourteenth century this area was ruled by the Nemanjic Dynasty, then by the Kingdom of Hungary, and later by the Bosnian king Tvrtko I. In that time, there were no settlements along the coast, except for fortified cities such as Kotor, and they existed only on higher elevations in the hills as rural settlements that relied on local agriculture. The pirate raids, and then attacks by Turks and tribes from the inland, were frequent enough to influence the character of the residential architecture in the hinterland that was subordinated to the defense against the robbers’ raids. The palace, i.e. its remains, as photographed in February 2018, consist of four walls of the main body of the palace and one annex from the upper western side, apparently the former stable. The front facade of the wall towards Kotor has been breached in the middle and to the ground, and the only thing that was kept is the niche on the lower right side to the former door. On the opposite side, there is a Roman-Gothic simple arch without profiling, made of unevenly placed stone thresholds, then the niche immediately next to the door and two window panes, the larger of which is very damaged. The Romano-Gothic portal above the entrance door, although damaged, provides the most reliable confirmation of the character of the palace and its dating. The door was made of solid wood and nailed with four pegs each in the stone parapet, whose recesses in the stone are still visible today. On top of that, there was a large beam used to barricade the door that was inserted in the middle of the door and in the recess in the wall to additionally secure the portal from robbers. The small niches next to the door had a very practical use as that was the convenient space where the vendors could deliver the groceries, such as dried meat and fish, without opening the main entrance, so the hosts did not run the risk of being robbed or attacked. Another small niche on the outside was most likely bricked up in later centuries. The single-pitch roof was inclined towards the sea. It is very rare today in this area as all the roofs are dual pitched. Judging by the roof of the nearby Church of St. Anna, made of stone, and looking at the other very old residential buildings, it can be concluded that the roof of the palace in the original phase was also made of the stone slabs and that was the autochthonous stone. Based on the analysis from the site conducted in February 2018, two stages of construction of the Sbutega Palace were observed. The first one would include a large and high ground floor and a low attic, with three window panes on the lower sea side, presumably for surveillance and defense against potential robbers. On the ground floor, facing the sea, there were two window panes, the larger one with approximate dimensions of 100/80 cm and a small one with dimensions of 40/40 cm. On the house front, facing Kotor, there was an entrance door with a portal like the one on the opposite side of the palace. The doors were placed symmetrically, because of the belief that if a devil entered the house, it would follow the straight line and leave it without harming the household members. Small deviations from the right angle when building the walls prove the tradition to avoid building the 'squares', as the devil crouches in the 'square'. The ceilings from that period were made of wood and leaned on stone consoles that were spheroidal on the bottom side and had a shape of an acanthus flower. In the attic, there were two windows facing Kotor and the two ones facing Prcanj, one of which was larger. The exit to the courtyard towards the hill was through a narrow door, that is walled up now, but once served as an exit to an outbuilding, most likely a stable. The second phase of the construction brought radical changes in the interior. Namely, the high ground floor was divided into two floors in order to expand the accommodation capacity due to the increase of the family, at the expense of walling up of three windows and the upper door towards the hill with stone consoles holding the beams. The changes are also visible on the Roman-Gothic portal, as it had to be walled up to the arch in order to lower the ceilings, which is still visible today. In the second phase of the palace development, the ceilings were lowered, leaving about 200 cm of free space to the beams. The processing of stone windows without separate parapet openings on all window panes, and their presence only on openings of larger dimensions suggests a staged, successive development of the palace and frequent renovations. The palace in its base has dimensions of 9.5m by 6m, which is more than the average size of the house in this region and shows the owner`s wealth. The Church of St. Anne, which, judging by the analogies, comes from the same period can be considered to have been a family chapel. The location of Glavati is of the great importance for the entire area of Prcanj, due to its historical as well as natural and environmental value. Saint Anna's Valley is a region with all the characteristics of a cultural landscape. The stone walls, sloping along the Sbutega estate, with terraces still used for olive growing, then the old medieval path across Prcanj that once connected Prcanj with Kotor, Stoliv and Lepetani are the real sources for learning about the way of life in the past. The presence of several layers of architecture, both Romano-Gothic in the hills and Renaissance-Baroque on the coast, as well as Austro-Hungarian road construction on the coast, and the indigenous way of processing the landscape with canalized streams and terraced gardens, represents an exceptional argument for the valorization of this valley as a cultural landscape of great importance for UNESCO's Natural, Cultural-Historical Region of Kotor. Activating this palace for cultural purposes, and according to the opinion of the residents, valorizing it for the purpose of a summer camp for the students of architecture who will work on the regeneration of the landscape and the maintenance of medieval paths and monuments, and receive a certificate for the authentic construction of Boka Kotorska under the mentorship of restorers, would be of great importance for the entire area of Kotor. Finally, it would also provide an insight into the great potential of sustainable development, as well as the mutual benefits to both, the workshop participants and the property owners, who would be paid a fee, in addition to the service of free maintenance of the property. Thus, the entire area would gain greater recognition and importance and become a model of the approach to the regeneration of the cultural landscape of the entire area of Kotor. Unfortunately, the construction in this area started with infrastructure works and has already destroyed a whole section of gardens with terraces and a walled stream, and threatens to devalue the entire area, which is a unique enclave of cultural landscape stretching from the sea all the way to the hills. The valley of St. Anna - Glavati is an immensely valuable area that bears witness to the historical development of rural agglomerations along the coast of Boka Kotorska. Because of its valuable authentic landscape, as well as its historical, landscape and natural value, creating an HIA study on the impact on the cultural heritage during current spatial interventions must be a matter of urgency in order to preserve its exceptional universal value, which it possesses as part of the area of Kotor protected by UNESCO. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kusevic, B. (2017). The ruins of the Sbutega Palace – Glavati, Prcanj , Historical and architectural analysis ‘‘The Archive of Landscapes”. [date]. BIBLIOGRAPHY . BACKGROUND PHOTO. David Rumsey Historical Map Collection | The Collection; (1693) Disegno Topografico del Canale di Cattaro, Montenegro; Coronelli, Vincenzo (1650-1718).