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Regeneration of cultural landscape of Bay of Kotor. Heritage for benefits for society. Msc thesis by Bogdan Kusevic, in the field of sustainable architecture and landscape design at Politecnico di Milano Msc thesis THE FORGOTTEN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF BAY OF KOTOR. VALORISATION OF MEDIEVAL PATH AND RUINS IN PRCANJ. POLITECNICO DI MILANO July 2018 ABSTRACT (eng) Throughout its history, the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro has been a land of fruitful and active cultural exchange over the entire Mediterranean. Its extraordinary and harmonious symbiosis between the human influence in the natural scenery, along with its numerous and diverse sites and monuments of high cultural value, which have deeply affected other Mediterranean cultures, gained the Bay a place in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites as the Natural and Culturo-Historical region of Kotor In 1979 . Since the last decade, the entire Bay of Kotor has been going through a very difficult time regarding administration issues, in particular as far as urban planning is concerned. Today, the overexpanded building industry, triggered by huge investments, is threatening to devastate the fragile cultural landscape of the Bay of Kotor. Because of that, UNESCO has expressed a few concerns about uncontrolled urbanisation, demanding that the area be placed on a list of endangered cultural sites. In this respect, my initial wish was to deal with a topic related to the management and protection of the cultural landscape of my hometown, Prcanj. My thesis investigates and defines the cultural landscape of the Bay of Kotor, providing a sustainable management and integrative approach towards cultural landscape protection. Furthermore, I focus on the case study about upper Prcanj’s cultural landscape with its old medieval pathway. The proposals of activation of this abandoned pathway is a new way of exploring the landscape itself, as well as trying to regenerate the abandoned historical monuments it is dotted by. The aim of this thesis is to point out the uncontrolled urbanisation that is influencing negatively the valuable landscape of the UNESCO Region of Kotor, and to remark that new ways of sustainable development should be introduced to preserve the site’s cultural heritage and value for the benefit of its citizens. Master thesis presentation - original booklet BY CLICKING ON THE LINK ABOVE YOU AGREE TO THE GENERAL TERMS OF USE AND PRIVACY POLICY OF THE WEBSITE: ,, THE ARCHIVE OF LANDSCAPES'' Tesi magistrale THE FORGOTTEN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF BAY OF KOTOR. VALORISATION OF MEDIEVAL PATH AND RUINS IN PRCANJ. POLITECNICO DI MILANO Luglio 2018 ABSTRACT (it) L’area costiera del Montenegro nota come le Bocche di Cattaro è sempre stata terra di fruttuosi e attivi scambi culturali con tutto il Mediterraneo. Per l’armoniosa simbiosi tra l’impronta umana e lo scenario naturale, insieme ai numerosi e vari siti e monumenti dal grande valore culturale che hanno profondamente influenzato le altre culture del Mediterraneo, la Regione naturale e storico-culturale delle Bocche di Cattaro è stata inserita nella lista UNESCO dei luoghi Patrimonio dell’umanità nel 1979. Negli ultimi dieci anni, l’intera area delle Bocche di Cattaro ha attraversato un periodo di grande difficoltà sul piano amministrativo, in particolare per quanto riguarda la pianificazione urbana. Oggi l’eccessiva espansione dell’industria edilizia, innescata da enormi investimenti, minaccia di devastare il fragile paesaggio e il patrimonio culturale della baia. Per questo motivo, l’UNESCO ha espresso le proprie preoccupazioni in merito all’urbanizzazione incontrollata, decidendo l’iscrizione dell’area in un elenco di siti culturali a rischio. Il mio iniziale desiderio è stato, a tal riguardo, di affrontare un argomento legato alla gestione e alla tutela del paesaggio culturale della mia città natale, Prčanj (Perzagno). La tesi intende indagare e definire il paesaggio culturale della baia di Cattaro, suggerendo una gestione sostenibile e un approccio integrato volto alla tutela del paesaggio culturale. Si propone qui, inoltre, un caso studio riguardante il paesaggio culturale della parte alta della città di Prčanj con la sua antica strada medievale. I modelli proposti, diretti alla riapertura di questo antico percorso ormai abbandonato, illustrano un nuovo modo di esplorare il paesaggio stesso e di rivalutare i preziosi ruderi di cui esso è costellato. La tesi ha pertanto lo scopo di evidenziare l’urbanizzazione incontrollata che sta influenzando negativamente il magnifico paesaggio del territorio di Cattaro, patrimonio UNESCO, e di rimarcare la necessità di introdurre nuove vie di sviluppo sostenibile per preservare il valore storico-culturale della regione a beneficio dei suoi cittadini. La tesi magistrale - presentazione originle (ENG) BY CLICKING ON THE LINK ABOVE YOU AGREE TO THE GENERAL TERMS OF USE AND PRIVACY POLICY OF THE WEBSITE: ,, THE ARCHIVE OF LANDSCAPES''

On the night of December 5, 1703, a miraculous vision occurred in this church, as evidenced by the process in the records of the Kotor bishop Marin Drago ‘vol. 24’. In 1806, Papa Pio VII issued the Breve, by which the Old Parish church in a question of absolution was joined and levelled of the same importance as... Old Parish Church of Prcanj, Montenegro The most beautiful church on the upper medieval path of Prcanj is the Old Parish Church. Today, the major part of the church is in ruins because it suffered tremendous devastation during the earthquake which occured in 1979. The church ensemble consists of an old cemetery, a monumental stone wall towards the sea which was laid down as a foundation of the whole complex, a unique octagonal dome, and the church building together with the residence of the parish palace, which is now completely in ruins. This church was mentioned for the first time in the documents dated 1399 as Ecclesia Sctae Mariae de Parzana. It was reconstructed in 1672 and after that, an octagonal chapel with a dome was built in 1740. In the night of December 5 1703, a miraculous vision occurred in this church described by the process in the records of Marin Drago, a Kotor bishop, ‘vol. 24’. In 1806, Papa Pio VII issued the Breve, by which the Old Parish Church in a question of absolution was joined and levelled as being of the same importance as the church of St. Maria Maggiore in Rome. After that, Pope Pius X transferred this important privilege to the New Parish Church of Prcanj. In the past, as recorded at the holy feast of the Birth of Mary in the 19th century, this church was visited by up to 6,000 people in a day. For a long time, the residents were buried in the church cemetery, and most of them were ship captains with great achievements during their service at the sea, ship-owners and priests. The church ensemble was guarded by armed men during the periods of conquests. After the New Parish Church was built in 1909, all the precious things, relics, furniture and frescoes were moved from the Old Parish Church to the New Parish Church and consequently, the upper church in the hill had lost its religious significance. Today, the church fascinates with its architectural composition and exceptional integration with the natural environment. The large octagonal dome and the church tower are still intact even today, despite the devastating earthquake in 1979. However, the church nave was completely destroyed, and only 4 walls are still standing but they are badly damaged. Despite this, the church still seems to be untouched and rare adventurers come to visit this masterpiece of architecture in the hill above Prcanj. The landscape of the upper medieval path of Prcanj is of great importance for the settlement and it is necessary to point out that it should be managed conscientiously in the future in order for its outstanding universal value to be maintained as an integral part of the UNESCO Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kusevic, B. (2017). Old Parish church of Prcanj . ‘‘The Archive of Landscapes”. [date]. BIBLIOGRAPHY . BACKGROUND PHOTO. David Rumsey Historical Map Collection | The Collection; (1693) Disegno Topografico del Canale di Cattaro, Montenegro; Coronelli, Vincenzo (1650-1718).

Explore the cultural heritage of the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro through an interactive historical timeline that covers diverse cultural and historical events, precious artefacts, notable people and memorable dates in its history Bay of Kotor - historical timeline Bay of Kotor cultural -historical timeline, historical events, notable people, architecture and artefacts CREDITS: The background photo: Coats of arms of the Beskuca family. Prcanj, Montenegro. Photo by Bogdan Kusevic Credits of the timeline photography of sites, monuments, people & artefacts: Internet open public domain (Wikipedia, etc.) Zbornik Boka 15-16/1983 Čedo Kušević (1899-1983) Bogdan Kušević Bay of Kotor - historical timeline: (2018-2022) by Bogdan Kusevic.

The aim of the public survey project, Prcanj’s cultural heritage, targeting resident population of Prcanj, was to raise public awareness about the importance of cultural heritage in the everyday life of local population, as well as to point to some very crucial problems for the community PRCANJ’S CULTURAL HERITAGE social survey The aim of the public survey project, PRCANJ’S CULTURAL HERITAGE, held on my personal initiative from 27th November to 7th December 2017,over Google Forms platform, targeting resident population of Prcanj, was to raise public awareness about the importance of cultural heritage in the everyday life of local population, as well as to point to some very crucial problems for the community. The territory of Prcanj is part of UNESCO’s Natural and Culturo-historical Region of Kotor inscribed in the World heritage list since 1979. Nowadays, due to lack of regulations about the protection of the cultural landscape and the appalling development of the entire UNESCO’s area of Kotor, Prcanj is under a big threat of losing the integrity of its inherited cultural values. The public survey I held, as an architect and resident of Prcanj, addressed solely the local population: the respondents were 65, an amount which only covers 5.76% of Prcanj’s total population (1128 people, according to 2011 census). The people who responded to the anonymous questionnaire belong to diverse age groups; the majority ages between 25-34 years (26.2%) and are, in most cases, native residents with very different levels of formal education. Most of them (44.6%), however, have a university qualification. The focus of the survey was to recognize and express the residents’ opinion and vision about their everyday life in town, the site’s future development and its touristic destination. The residents’ thought was supposed to approve the general vision and suggestions of the UNESCO’s Commission and dedicated experts, who claim that the appalling development of the entire region is proving to have a devastating impact on the outstanding universal values of UNESCO Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor. Paper is original social survey report of Msc thesis in architecture at Politecnico di Milano at the course of Sustainable Architecture and landscape Design OPEN PAPER (original paper in English) OPEN PAPER (original paper in Montenegrin) BY CLICKING ON THE LINK ABOVE YOU AGREE TO THE GENERAL TERMS OF USE AND PRIVACY POLICY OF THE WEBSITE: ,, THE ARCHIVE OF LANDSCAPES''

Lukovic Street was the core of the public life of the 16th and 17th century. It is named after the Lukovic family houses, which have exceptionally elegantly decorated stone balustrades; the palaces follows the sea line, merging into the street front, and making a unique and indivisible ambient unit in a functional and aesthetic domain. Opposed to the houses towards the sea, so-called ‘ponta’ were made over the time 2007-2017 Lukovic Street - Prcanj,Montenegro cover photo: Lukovic Street, Prcanj Lukovic Street was the core of the public life of the 16th and 17th century. It is named after the Lukovic family houses, which have exceptionally elegantly decorated stone balustrades; the palaces follows the sea line, merging into the street front, and making a unique and indivisible ambient unit in a functional and aesthetic domain. Opposed to the houses towards the sea, so-called ‘ponta’ were made over the time, for accessing sailboats with a plateau on which cargoes from ships were landed, as well as small ports for binding family boats. The coastal belt was an indivisible private space and made up a whole with the palaces. In the later period, around 1805, when this region was already under the Austro-Hungarian empire, the emperor had the first coastal road built along the sea for military needs, thus completely interrupting the continuity of family gardens from the sea to the houses. This act changed forever the character of space, dividing it into two parts, one made up of family ports for boats with berths along the sea, and another made up of a paved street of the Lukovic family. The seafront, including ponta and boat bindings, were private properties in the 19th century, characterized by traditional stone bindings, stone paving and stone sea-shores, with small gardens rich in Mediterranean vegetation. READ MORE on heritage article ''Street of Lukovic family" Next

Kotor is situated at the end of the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, which is officially in the group of the most beautiful bays in the world. During the medieval times, Kotor became one of the most prominent cultural, economic, religious and trade centres of the southern Adriatic. The oldest archaeological remaining is the foundation of the early Cristian basilica from the 6th century below now existing Church of St. Mary of The River 2007-2017 Kotor (ita. Cattaro) cover photo: Kotor town ramparts Street musician in square of St. Luke in kotor, Montenegro - recorded by Bogdan Kusevic. August 2012 00:00 / 00:00 Kotor is situated at the end of the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, which is officially in the group of the most beautiful bays in the world. During the medieval times, Kotor became one of the most prominent cultural, economic, religious and trade centres of the southern Adriatic. The oldest archaeological remaining is the foundation of the early Cristian basilica from the 6th century below now existing Church of St. Mary of The River. The first fortification was also established in the 6th century under the rulership of the Byzantine Empire. From 1185 to 1371, Kotor was under the rule of the Kingdom of Serbia. During that period, the first statute of the town was released in the year of 1301. Between 1391 and 1420, Kotor was an independent town - state. Afterwards, due to the threat of the Ottoman Empire and regular attacks by pirates, Kotor asked the Republic of Venice for protection, which was granted. Thus, Kotor with its surrounding territory became the province of the Venetian Republic from 1420 to 1797. During the Venetian protectorate, the town became a significant maritime centre in this region. In that period, most of its palaces were constructed in Baroque style by using building techniques with a strong influence of Venetian tradition. READ MORE on heritage article ''Bay of Kotor" Next

Perast was at its peak in the 18th century under the Venetian Republic, when it had as many as four active shipyards, a fleet of around one hundred ships, and 1,643 residents. The 1,500 citizens of Perast were allowed to trade with large ships and to sell goods without tax on the Venetian market, which made them wealthy 2007-2017 Perast (ita. Perasto) cover photo: Perast, the town of sea captains Perast was at its peak in the 18th century under the Venetian Republic, when it had as many as four active shipyards, a fleet of around one hundred ships, and 1,643 residents. The 1,500 citizens of Perast were allowed to trade with large ships and to sell goods without tax on the Venetian market, which made them wealthy. The example of the wealth of people from Perast at the end of the 18th century is the fact that they managed to collect 50,000 Venetian gold coins (about 200 kg of gold) to pay the famous Venetian constructor Giuseppe Beati to build for them the highest campanile (55 m) on the East-Adriatic coast. There are two small islands near Perast: St George Island with the small church from the 12th century and the artificial island called Gospa od Skrpjela (in Venetian: Madonna dello Scarpello) which has a very interesting story. Namely, the locals had been throwing rocks and sinking old shipwrecks for 200 years from the reef whose top was 1 meter above the water's surface, thus creating a plateau of 3,030 square meters, on which they then built a church. Next

"The Archive of Landscapes", Cultural Heritage project aims to raise public awareness about the degradation of cultural heritage and the cultural landscape in particular, in UNESCO Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor. Welcome to Bay of Kotor, panorama project 2007-2017 Bay of Kotor panorama project cover photo: Bay of Kotor in winter Bay of Kotor is nowadays a very attractive tourist and ship cruise destination. Over 500,000 visitors from cruise ships visit the town of Kotor every year, which negatively affects the life of domicile population in many ways, and cause the high pollution of air and turbulence in marine ecosystem.

Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, is a very attractive tourist destination. It is considered to be one of the most beautiful bays in the world. The Bay of Kotor is rich in cultural heritage, and the town of Kotor, situated at the end of the bay is the most beautiful one. In this area, there are also very well-known Roman mosaics in Risan famous for its unique presentation of God Hypnos, along with the remains of Roman villas. Bay of Kotor Kotor-Historical timeline Bay of Kotor-timeline Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, is a very attractive tourist destination. It is considered to be one of the most beautiful bays in the world. The Bay of Kotor is rich in cultural heritage, and the town of Kotor, situated at the end of the bay is the most beautiful one. In this area, there are also very well-known Roman mosaics in Risan famous for its unique presentation of God Hypnos, along with the remains of Roman villas. The coastal settlements rapidly developed during Venetian protectorate of this region from 1492 to 1797. The most picturesque coastal in Bay of Kotor are Perast and Prcanj. The coastline in Bay of Kotor has been modified by building family piers in front of palaces and houses over the last two millennium. The population of the entire bay is around 60,000. Kotor is situated at the end of the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro. During the medieval times, Kotor became one of the most prominent cultural, economic, religious and trade centres of the southern Adriatic. The oldest archaeological remaining is the foundation of the early Cristian basilica from the 6th century below now existing Church of St. Mary of The River. The first fortification was also established in the 6th century under the rulership of the Byzantine Empire. From 1185 to 1371, Kotor was under the rule of the Kingdom of Serbia. During that period, the first statute of the town was released in the year of 1301. Between 1391 and 1420, Kotor was an independent town - state. Afterwards, due to the threat of the Ottoman Empire and regular attacks by pirates, Kotor asked the Republic of Venice for protection, which was granted. Thus, Kotor with its surrounding territory became the province of the Venetian Republic from 1420 to 1797. During the Venetian protectorate, the town became a significant maritime centre in this region. In that period, most of its palaces were constructed in Baroque style by using building techniques with a strong influence of Venetian tradition. The town has the longest fortification system in this region which was rebuilt by the Venetian Republic from 16th to 18th century. It protected the town during numerous Ottoman attempts to conquest the city. The most significant feat of architecture is St. Tryphon Cathedral built in 1166 on the remains of the old Roman basilica dated to the year of 809. Today, Kotor is a very attractive tourist and ship cruise destination. Over 500,000 visitors from cruise ships visit the town every year, which negatively affects the life of domicile population in many ways, and cause the high pollution of air and turbulence in marine ecosystem. The town itself has 2,500 inhabitants and it is the cultural capital of Montenegro. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kusevic, B. (2017). Bay of Kotor, Montenegro ‘‘The Archive of Landscapes”. [date]. BIBLIOGRAPHY . BACKGROUND PHOTO. Coats of arms of Beskuca family, Prcanj, Montenegro. Photo by Bogdan Kusevic;

The XV century gothic palace,heritage the story of The Three Sisters. The very reach nobleman from Kotor decided to build the palace for his three daughters, Filomena, Graciana and Rina. Unfortunate fate has made that they fall in love with the same sailor. The sailor requited love to one of them... Story of ''The Three Sisters'' from Prcanj "Le Tre Sorelle" da Perzagno The 15th century Gothic palace is related to the Story of the Three Sisters. A very reach nobleman from Kotor decided to build a palace for his three daughters, Filomena, Graciana and Rina. By an odd twist of fate, they fell in love with the same man, who was a sailor. He requited Rina’s affections promising her everlasting love. This caused the envy and jealousy of other two sisters. Feeling their pain, Rina gave a unique example of generosity, sacrificing the strongest feeling of her heart. She suggested that they should retreat into the silence of their home because of the untried love. The prayer will be the food for their soul and the sweet hope that they would be with their sweetheart in another life, where their prayers, their pain and suffering would end and their love will be reciprocated. When the unfortunate young man heard of their decision, he went out to sea, but he occasionally came in front of the palace, which had already been dubbed “the prison of love” in the entire region. Having lost all hope because the vow was stronger than passion, he went out to the sea and he never returned. The years were passing by, but the three sisters never gave up hope of his return. They would spend their days standing by the three windows, waiting to see his ship. Then old age came and death knocked on their door. When the first sister died, the other two sisters sealed her window up; there was no need for it anymore. The same happened when the second sister died. However, after the death of the third sister, her window remained open because there was no one left to seal it up. The story of the Three Sisters has been present in the collective memory of the native people for the last 500 years, and has been inscribed as the intangible heritage of Montenegro HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kusevic, B. (2017). Story of "Le Tre Sorelle" from Prcanj . ‘‘The Archive of Landscapes”. [date]. OLD PHOTO: Author un known/source - internet BACKGROUND MAP David Rumsey Historical Map Collection | The Collection; (1693) Disegno Topografico del Canale di Cattaro, Montenegro; Coronelli, Vincenzo (1650-1718). Palace of "Three sisters"